Nutmeg improvements
-
plot command uses the same syntax as in the original Berkeley
version of Spice.
Since version 2.01 plots with multiple scales can be created:
plot v1 v2 vs vscl1 v3 v4 vs vscl2 v5 v6 The above
plot command would display vectors
v1 and
v2 against
vscl1,
v3 and
v4 against
vscl2 and
v5 and
v6 against the default plot scale. In case
vs options are ommited, the vectors are plotted against the default
scale of the active plot.
Colors for the plot window can be set by setting
colorn variables. Example:
set color0 = r255g255b255 ... set background color to white
set color1 = r000g000b000 ... set grid and text color to black
set color2 = r000g255b000 ... set the first vector color to green
set color3 = r255g000b000 ... set the second vector color to red
plot v(1) v(2)
... the result
is graph with the white background and black grid;
'v(1)' is green and 'v(2)' is red
unset color2
... unset the first vector color; the default will be used;
also 'color3' variable will be ignored
now Default plot type can be set using the plottype variable.
Available types are:
normal,
point and
comb.
set plottype = normal Default line width can be 0, 1 or 2.
Set it with:
set linewidth = 1 Default plot window width and height in
pixels:
set plotwinwidth = 360
set plotwinheight = 360 If you want to show the info
frame (coordinates) in plot windows use:
set plotwininfo Default vector identification mode is now
manual identification. Manual identification can be initiated by
right-clicking in the plot window. To make automatic identification the
default (as in version 2.0 and below), enter:
set plotautoident Note that all of these settings are valid
only for plot windows opened after these setting have been chosen by the
appropriate
set/unset commands.
- The
spec command written by
Anthony Parker, Macquarie
University, was added.
-
DC analysis syntax in one dimension is now:
dc [middle middle_val] parameter1 start1 stop1 [dec|oct|lin]
step1 and in two dimensions:
dc parameter1 start1 stop1 [dec|oct|lin] step1
[parameter2 start2 stop2 [dec|oct|lin]
step2]
Middle value works only in one dimensional dc sweep, in two dimensional
sweep it is ignored. If
middle_val is given and it is between
start1 and
stop1 then
dc analysis is performed in two steps. First
dc analysis from
middle_val to
start1 is performed in backward direction. Then
dc analysis from
middle_val to
stop1 is performed. The results are concatenated together. This
approach is useful if the nodesets for the
middle_val are given. In this case the speed and convergence are
better.
Parameter can be specified in the following manner:
Instance parameters:
@inst[param] ... example is '@r1[resistance]'
@inst ...
'@r1' would mean r1 default parameter (resistance)
inst
... 'r1' would mean r1 resistance, 'v1' would mean v1 dc voltage
@inst[param][i] ... i-th component of vector parameter param of
instance inst Model parameters:
@@mod[param] ... example is '@rm[tc1]' ... tc1
parameter for model rm
@@mod ...
'@rm' would mean default parameter for model rm
(in case rm is a resistance model this would be rsh)
@@mod[param][i] ... i-th component of vector parameter param of model
mod Temperatures:
@@@temp ... circuit global temperature in degrees celsius
@@@tnom ... global nominal temperature in degrees celsius for
instance and model parameter recalculation
@@@tempk ... circuit global temperature in Kelvins
@@@tnomk ... global nominal temperature in Kelvins for instance and
model parameter recalculation In case
dec/oct/lin is ommited, step is the linear step
size. In case
dec/oct is used, step is the number of points per
decade/octave. In case lin is used, step is the number of points in range
between start and stop (for 10, 11 points are evaluated including start and
stop point).
Examples:
dc @r1[resistance] 1m 1meg dec 10 ... sweep resistance for instance r1
from 1m to 1meg, 10 points per decade
dc @@rm[rsh] 50 90 lin 100
... sweep rsh for model rm from 50 to 90 with 100 equidistant steps
dc @@@temp -20 50
0.01 ...
sweep global temperature from -20 to 50 (degrees celsius), step is
0.01
-
Improved let syntax. Left hand side can now be specified
using the following syntax:
let plot.vector[index1]...[indexn] = expression Examples:
let dc2.a[3] = 5 ... vector a in plot dc2,
assign 5 to 4th e lement
let dc2.a = vector(5) ... assign a vector with elements 0..4 to
vector 'a' in plot 'dc2' An arbitrary expression can be used
for index. If plot name is ommited, the referenced vector is created or
modified in current plot. Instance/model parameters can be altered using the
let command:
let @r1[resistance] = 5000 ... set parameter resistance for instance
'r1' to 5000
let @@rm[tc1] = 0.05 ... set model
parameter 'tc1' for model 'rm' to 0.05 The syntax for
parameters is the same as with the dc analysis.
Index into a vector parameter can be an arbitrary expression:
let @v1[coeffs][2*1] = 0.01 ... set 3rd element of parameter 'coeffs'
for instance 'v1' to 0.01. In special case of assigning vector
to a scalar (one component of another vector) vector will be assigned to
subsequent indices from the specified element. The vector on the left hand
side will not be resized. For instance:
let a = vector(5) ... assign a = (0; 1; 2; 3; 4)
let b = vector(2) ... assign b = (0; 1)
let a[2] = b ... assign a = (0; 1; 0; 1; 4)
let b = vector(6) ... assign b = (0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5)
let a[1] = b ... assign a = (0; 0; 1; 2;
3)
- To construct a vector from its components
let a=(10;20;30)
let b=(12;22;32;a;a*2;90) b would now be a vector with the
following elements: 12 22 32 10 20 30 20 40 60 90.
- Extended syntax for subcircuit instances. A particular
device parameter in all instances of a specified subcircuit type can be accessed
by the following syntax:
@inst:@subckt[param]
Examples. Loaded circuit netlist is:
...
x1 ... amp ...
x2 ... amp ...
...
.subckt amp ...
...
m1 ... w= ...
...
.ends
...
Command explanations:
let @m1:@amp[w] = 1u ... set width parameter of transistor m1 to 1um in all
instances of subcircuit amp
(@m1:x1[w] = @m1:x2[w] = 1um)
let a = @m1:@amp[w] ... assign scalar a to width parameter of the m1
transistor in the first instance of
subcircuit amp (a = @m1:x1[w])
- Extended syntax for vectors in expressions:
let c=dc1.a*2 ... take vector a in plot dc1 and mutiply it by
2, assign the result to vector c in current
plot
let c=dc1.a[2]*2 ... vector a in plot dc1, take 3rd element,
mutiply by 2 and assign the result to vector
vector c in current plot
let c=a[2][3]*2 ... a is a 2D vector, indices into this vector
are 2 and 3
Another example:
let c=@r1[p][3] ... This will take the 4th element from
vector @r1[p].
Assigning into a vector element for an instance/model parameter:
let @r1[p][3]=0.05
Of course such vectors can be referenced in other plots too:
let a=dc1.@r1[p]
Note again the use of braces in the above example when accessing a vector element:
let a=(dc1.@r1[p])[3]
Instance/model parameters can be used in expressions. Some examples:
let c=@r1[resistance]
let c=@@rm[tc1]
let c=@v1[coeffs] ... assign coeffs vector parameter value
of instance v1 to c
let c=@v1[coeffs][2*1] ... assign coeffs vector parameter's 3rd
element (from instance v1) to vector c
- Display simulator information (analyses, devices, (user defined) nodes):
siminfo [analyses] [devices] [nodes] [all]
Code models are marked with '++'
- Load code models and user defined nodes from a .cm file:
cmload filename.cm
- New command nameplot renames the current plot. The following command
sequence performs an op analysis and names the plot with the results firstop:
op
nameplot firstop
- Keywords next and previous when using setplot set the current plot
to the next/previous plot. Examples:
setplot next
setplot previous
- Functions min() and max() return the smallest/largest component of
a vector. For complex vectors the smallest/largest component is determined by comparing the
absolute value of the components.
Function sum() returns the sum of the components of a vector. Examples:
* Real vector
let a=(1;2;3;4)
* Complex vector
let b=((0,-1);(2,1);(0,0))
* min() example
* c <- 1
let c=min(a)
* c <- (0,0)
let c=min(b)
* max() example
* c <- 4
let c=max(a)
* c <- (2,1)
let c=max(b)
* sum() example
* c <- 10
let c=sum(a)
* c <- (2,0)
let c=sum(b)
- Variable badcktfree forces the simulator to release a circuit if
any errors are found in the circuit. It is usually set in the spinit file.
- Variable badcktstop prevents the simulator from running the script
in the .control block if any errors are found in the circuit. It is usually set in
the spinit file.
- Netlist parsing completely rewritten. Improved error reporting. Added .lib
clause. Example:
File lib1.lib:
.lib section1
r1 1 2 1
r2 2 3 1
.endl
.lib section2
r1 1 0 1
r2 3 0 1
.endl
File netlist:
Test netlist
* Include section1 from lib1.lib
.lib 'lib1.lib' section1
* Include section2 from lib1.lib
.lib 'lib1.lib' section2
.end
- Let now allows vector length to be modified. Example:
let a=(1;2;3)
let a=(1;2)
let a=(2;3;4;5)
* a now contains (2;3;4;5)
- To create a plot and name it use setplot new and then nameplot. The first
vector you create in that plot becomes the default scale.
setplot new
nameplot plot10
let a=(2;4;5;9)
let b=(1;2;3;4)
* a is the default scale for plot10
- Vector operator [|low,high] selects a range from a vector that corresponds to the
range low <= default_scale_value <= high on the default scale. Example:
setplot new
nameplot plot10
let a=(2;4;5;9)
let b=(1;2;3;4)
* Select values for b for which the scale value is
* between 2.5 and 5.5
let x1=b[|2.5,5.5]
* Select values for b for which the scale value is
* between 4 and 5
let x2=b[|4,5]
* Both x1 and x2 contain now (2;3)
- Graph tagging. A graph is automatically tagged as plotn
if no tag is specified (iplotn for the plots generated by iplot commands).
n is automatically set by Nutmeg and is unique for a plot in a
SpiceOpus session. The plot tag is displayed in the title bar of the graph
as tag: graph_name
To create and tag a graph, use plot create tag vectors:
* Create a graph, tag it plota and display
* vectors a and b vs default scale
plot create plota a b
In case a graph with the given tag exists, the new graph is tagged with it. This makes it
impossible to refer to the older graph.
To append some more data to a graph, use plot append tag vectors:
* Appends vector c to graph tagged plota
plot append plota c
To append without autoscaling and repainting the graph, use plot quickappend tag vectors:
* Quickappends vector c to graph tagged plota
plot quickappend plota c
After the last quickappend call autoscale on the updated graph by typing plot autoscale tag:
* Autoscales graph tagged plota
plot autoscale plota
In case there are scaling and graph type commands in the plot append clause, they are applied
to the graph. If the graph doesn't exist (the user has closed it), the graph is recreated and
tagged with the given tag.
A graph can be closed with plot destroy tag:
* Close graph plota
plot destroy plota
- Nutmeg function floor() returns an integer
vector with largest components not exceeding the components of the operand.
ceil() returns an integer vector with smallest components not below
components of the operand. round() rounds the vector components to the
nearest integer. In case the operand is complex, these functions operate on real
and imaginary parts independently.
- Vector operator [%index] returns an element with the corresponding
index from the vector if the index is integer. If the index is real, linear interpolation is
used to calculate the return value. Example:
setplot new
nameplot plot10
let a=(2;4;5;9)
let b=(1;2;3;4)
* x1 becomes 4
let x1=a[%1]
* x2 becomes 2.5 (in the middle between components
* b[1] (2) and b[2] (3))
let x2=b[%1.5]
-
Nutmeg command
cursor manipulates cursors. A cursor is a vector of length one (vector
component) that represents a real index into a vector. To initialize a cursor,
create a vector:
* Creates two cursors, cleft and cright
let cleft=0
let cright=0 To move a cursor to the left edge of a vector,
use:
* Moves cleft to the left edge and cright to the right edge of vector 'time'
cursor cleft left time
cursor cright right time To move a cursor to a certain level
on a vector, use:
* Moves cleft towards right until it reaches level 0.5 on vector pulse
cursor cleft right pulse 0.5
* Moves cright towards left until it reaches level 0.5 on vector pulse
cursor cright left pulse 0.5 Cursors are real indices into
vectors. Since
time is the scale for vector
pulse, the time difference between
cleft and
cright is the pulse width (if vector
pulse contains only one pulse with bottom level zero and top level one).
Pulse width can be obtained by:
* See explanation of the [%index] vector operator
let pulsewidth=time[%cright]-time[%cleft] To put it in short:
the syntax for the
cursor command is:
* Initialize a cursor
cursor vec_el left|right
* Move a cursor
cursor vec_el left|right vector_expression level_expression
The cursor position is stored in
vec_el (either a real vector of length one or a real vector element of
the form vector_name[element_index]).
The following example measures the rise time of a signal named
pulse using
time for scale:
* Create scalar c1 and c2 (cursors)
let c1=0
let c2=0
* Get the bottom and the top level of the pulse
let bottom=min(pulse)
let top=max(pulse)
* Move c1 and c2 to the left edge of vector pulse
cursor c1 left pulse
cursor c2 left pulse
* Move c1 to 10% level between bottom and top
cursor c1 right pulse bottom+0.1*(top-bottom)
* Move c2 to 90% level between bottom and top
cursor c2 right pulse bottom+0.9*(top-bottom)
* Calculate difference between c1 and c2 using time for scale
let trise=time[%c2]-time[%c1]
* Display result
echo Rise time {trise} One can specify at which crossing of
the signal the cursor should stop.
* This will stop at 4th crossing of 0.5 in v(10) when moving towards right
cursor c right v(10) 0.5 4 Finally only crossings of
patricular type can be counted.
* This considers only crossings where v(10) is rising
cursor c right v(10) 0.5 4 rising
* This considers only crossings where v(10) is falling
cursor c right v(10) 0.5 4 falling
* This considers all crossings
cursor c right v(10) 0.5 4 any If the number of intercepts is
left out, it is assumed to be one. If the type of crossing is left out all
crossings are cosidered (just like with
any).
- Transient waveforms for independent voltage and current sources can be changed. For the purpouse
of the explanation consider the following netlist:
Transient source netlist
v1 1 0 dc 0 pulse 0 1V 1ms 1us 1us 2ms 4ms
r1 1 0 1
To change the pulse width for v1 from 2ms to 3ms, type:
let @v1[coeffs][5]=3m
* This would also do the trick. Note that the following
* assignment changes the type of the source to PULSE no matter
* what the current type is whereas the previous assignment (using
* the coeffs parameter) changes only the 6th parameter to 3m no
* matter what type of transient source is currently set for v1.
let @v1[pulse][5]=3m
To change the transient waveform for v1 from pulse to sin with parameters 0 1 1kHz, type:
let @v1[sine][5]=(0;1;1k)
* or
let @v1[sin][5]=(0;1;1k)
The same goes for the independent current sources.
-
First iteration voltages for finding dc or initial transient solution can be set
by nodeset command. Similarly the initial conditions for transient analysis
can be set by ic command. Both commands have the same syntax:
nodeset [delete | <plot_name> |
v(<node_name_1>) = [value_1] [v(<node_name_2>) = [value_2]
[v(<node_name_3>) = [<value_3>] ... ]]]
and
ic [delete | <plot_name> |
v(<node_name_1>) = [value_1] [v(<node_name_2>) = [value_2]
[v(<node_name_3>) = [<value_3>] ... ]]]
Examples:
Without any arguments commands nodeset and ic list defined nodesets
or initial conditions, respectively.
nodeset
Nodesets:
v(1) = 1.000000e+001
v(3:x1) = 5.000000e-001
or
ic
Initial conditions:
v(2) = 3.000000e+000
v(6:x1) = 1.000000e-001
If one wants to delete nodeset for node 1 (or initial condition for node 6:x1),
and at the same time set additional nodeset for node 4 to 3V (or initial condition
for node 7:x2 to 2V), then one has to issue:
nodeset v(1)= v(4)=3V
or
ic v(6:x1)= v(7:x2)=2V
All nodeset voltages (or initial conditions) can be set to an arbitrary analysis
results. Commands:
nodeset op1
and
ic tran3
set all nodeset voltages to values of vectors in op1 plot (results of
operating point analysis) and all initial conditions to final values of vectors in
tran3 plot (results of transient analysis).
All nodeset or initial conditions can be removed by:
nodeset delete
or
ic delete
commands respectively.
- Nutmeg function unwrap() unwraps the phase
vector (a real vector of phase angles). It uses the current units setting
(degrees or radians).
- Arithmetic substitution enables you to replace the
expression in the curly braces by its value prior to the execution of the
Nutmeg command. All valid nutmeg functions and operators may be used in
the expression. Avoid spaces. Expansion rules depend on the type of the result
(real, complex, scalar, vector)
The expansion rules are as follows
{expression} -> result
real scalar -> value
complex scalar -> (rvalue,ivalue)
real vector -> (value1;value2;...)
complex vector -> ((rvalue1,ivalue1);(rvalue2,ivalue2);...)
Example: set the voltage source DC parameter for sources V1, V2, ..., V20 to 0.
let counter=1
while counter le 20
let @v{counter}[dc]=0
let counter=counter+1
endwhile
- Function integrate() calculates new vector which is defined integral of the argument on its scale. For instance if v(3) is a time depended voltage (its scale is time), then vector integ_v3 obtained by integ_v3 = integrate(v(3)) represents:

Before the integration takes place the original vector is approximated by a polynomial. The degree of polynomial approximation can be set with polydegree variable.
- By default parameterised subcircuits are reparsed
every time an arbitrary subcircuit parameter is changed. This is not convenient in
cases when one wants to change more subcircuit parameters one after another. In
this case the subcircuit shall be parsed after every parameter change instead only
at the end. To avoid such situations (which typically arise in optimisation loops)
manual subcircuit reparsing can be invoked by setting manualscktreparse
variable. If the variable is set then subcircuit is reparsed only when required by
scktreparse command. The syntax of the command is:
scktreparse [<sckt_name_1> <sckt_name_2> ...] [<@sckt_mod_name_1> <@sckt_mod_name_2> ...]
- Function area() will return total area of the
specified circuit in future. At the moment only MOSFET devices are taken into
account. Therefore currently area occupied by MOSFETs is returned. The function
takes one argument which represents circuit number. The circuit number can be
obtained by setcirc command. If circuit number is zero then area of current
circuit is calculated.
- Command copyplot copies data from source to
destination plot. If destination plot does not exist it is created. The syntax
is:
copyplot <source_plot_name> <destination_plot_name>
- SpiceOpus names items in subcircuits from bottom to top
(e.g. node1:sckt1:sckt2). That is different from some other Spices which
use top to bottom naming (e.g. sckt2:sckt1:node1). This fact is noted in
the header of the output raw file by line Sckt. naming: from bottom to
top.
- All current subcircuit parameter values can be saved
or restored by scktparams command. A parameterset (set of subcircuit
parameters) is saved by get and restored by set subcommand. A
particular parameterset can be printed by print subcommand or removed by
remove subcommand. If parameterset_name is not given with
print or remove subcommands then list of available parametersets is
printed or all parametersets of the subcircuit are removed, respectively. The
syntax of the command is:
scktparams <sckt_name|@sckt_mod_name> get|set|print|remove [parameterset_name]
- Plot stack.
To push a reference to a plot
onto the plot stack, use pushplot <name>. To pop a plot from the plot stack,
use popplot.
You can refer to the plot on the top of the stack with
__topstack. Similarly you can refer to the newest plot using __topplot.
__topstack and __topplot can be used in expressions, on the left side
of the '=' in let command, with the destroy command, and with the
setplot command.
Plots pushed onto the stack cannot be destroyed. They must be popped first.
destroy all clears the plot stack and deletes all plots with the exception of the
constants plot (const).
To display the contents of the plot stack, use plotstack.
- Commands for copying, moving/renaming and deleting
files are:
copy source_filename destination_filename
move from_filename to_filename
remove filename1 [filename2 ...]
- timer(x) function returns the difference
between the CPU time in seconds and x. And clock(x) function
returns the difference between absolute time in seconds and x. CPU time
means time spent for SpiceOpus application.
- Command destroyto removes all plots created
after the plot passed by an argument. Its syntax is:
destroyto plot_name
If current plot was removed by destroyto command then plot in argument
becomes current one.
- Command script implements procedures in
Nutmeg. The syntax is:
script argument [script_name [command_line]]
The second item, argument, can be add, delete, list or
run.
- add adds new line (Nutmeg command) to the script (procedure).
It needs script_name and command_line arguments. Lines are always
added at the end, after the last one.
- delete without script_name deletes all scripts. If
script_name is specified then only that script is deleted.
command_line argument is not needed.
- list without script_name lists names of currently available
scripts. If script_name is specified then commands in that script are
listed. command_line argument is not needed.
- run executes commands in specified script. It needs script_name
argument.
- Command test will be used for obtaining various file
properties (size, date of creation and modification etc.) in future. At this
moment only checking of file existence can be performed. The syntax of the command
is:
test exist <filename> <vectorname>
The command creates new vector in the current plot. Is value is one if file exists
and zero otherwise.
- Various internal data can be saved to file and read back
by backup command. The last argument specifies sort of internal data to be
saved or retrieved. The syntax of the command is:
backup read|write <filename> optimize_initial_values|random_generator_state|initial_guess_data
- Command netlist will be used for obtaining various
netlist information in future. At this moment only extracting models and instances
from the netlist can be performed. The syntax of the command is:
netlist list (model <model_type> | instance <model_name>) <var> <scalar>
Available model_types are listed here. If the third
field is model then the result is list of defined models of specified type.
Otherwise (the third field is instance) the result is list of instances of
specified model. List of model/instance names is stored into global variable
var, while its length is written into scalar, which is member of
current plot.
-
Nutmeg variables
rndinit,
gausstruncate and functions
rndunif
(x),
rndgauss
(x) were implemented to handle random real numbers. The argument of both
functions is complex vector
x. For
rndunif
(x) function argument is
x =
((delta1,
mean1);
(delta2,
mean2); ...), and for
rndgauss
(x) function argument is
x =
((sigma1,
mean1);
(sigma2,
mean2); ...). If argument
x is real vector then all
meanx values are zero by default. Both functions return real vector of
real random values.
i-th component of vector returned by
rndunif() function is uniformly distributed real random number on open
interval
(meani -
deltai,
meani +
deltai). And on the other hand
i-th component of vector returned by
rndgauss() function is normally distributed real random number with
standard deviation
sigmai and mean value
meani.
Nutmeg variable
rndinit resets random generator. It has to be a negative integer, which
is used as seed. Its default value is -1. Variable
gausstruncate sets so-called gauss truncation.
i-th component returned by
rndgauss() function is always inside open interval
(meani -
gausstruncate *
sigmai,
meani +
gausstruncate *
sigmai). If that is not the case then obtained random number is skipped
and another is generated. The default value of
gausstruncate variable is 1e300, which in practice means no
truncation.
-
Steady state response analysis in transient domain is available by
ssse command. The shooting method with extrapolation is used. Syntax of
ssse analysis is as follows:
ssse v(<posnode>[,<negnode>]) [<level> [<step>
[<skip> [<periods>]]]] [history]
<> ... user defined value
[] ... optional field
Above
v(<posnode>[,<negnode>]) represents
observed response, for which steady state is calculated; at response =
level circuit status is collected for shooting method (default value: 0);
step specifies base for variable timestep (same as the first argument
in transient analysis) (default value: 1);
skip determines time skipped before we start to sample the response
(default value: 0) and
periods gives number of periods taken into account for sampling (default
value: 2).
The analysis is performed by a sequence of transient analyses. New initial
conditions are calculated after each transient run and are used in the next. This
goes on until convergence (steady state response) is reached or we run out of
maximum number of transient iterations. The iteration limit is given by
itl2 option. Convergence is defined with absolute and relative tolerances
given by products of
sssetol*
vntol or
sssetol*
abstol and
sssetol*
reltol options. The convergence is reached when the difference between
right hand side values at the beginning and right hand side values at the end of
the last period is inside tolerances.
By default only the last transient run results (steady state response) are
saved in plot as final results of
ssse analysis. If
history flag is set then all transient iterations performed during the
steady state analysis are saved into subsequent plots.
Note: It turned out that steady state analysis in transient domain by
shooting with extrapolation is in some cases numerically unstable. If that
happens reducing timestep or changing integration method, order and transient
oscillation detection sometimes help.
-
Syntax
$var_name is obsolete. To reach the variable use
$(var_name) instead.
* Print value of 'aaa' variable
echo aaa = $(aaa)
aaa = value_of_aaa To check if the variable exists use
$(?var_name). If the variable exists one is returned, otherwise zero.
* Create 'aaa' variable
set aaa = value
* Variable 'aaa' exists, therefore one dimensional vector ccc is one
let ccc = $(?aaa)
* Variable 'bbb' does not exist, therefore one dimensional vector ddd is
zero
let ddd = $(?bbb) Variable can have more than one component.
To find out how many components the variable has use
$(#var_name) syntax. Number of components is returned.
* Create an ordinary variable 'aaa' and variable 'bbb' with four components
set aaa = valuea
set bbb = ( valueb1 valueb2 valueb3 valueb4 )
* Variable 'aaa' has one component, therefore one dimensional vector ccc
is one
let ccc = $(#aaa)
* Variable 'bbb' has four components, therefore one dimensional vector ddd
is four
let ddd = $(#bbb) To get only one component of the variable
use
$(var_name[index]) syntax.
index is zero based. If
index exceeds number of components then empty space is returned.
* Create variable 'aaa' with four components
set aaa = ( value1 value2 value3 value4 )
* Print non-existing fifth component of 'aaa' variable
echo aaa[4] = $(aaa[4])
aaa[4] =
* Print fourth component of 'aaa' variable
echo aaa[3] = $(aaa[3])
aaa[3] = value4
SpiceOpus prompts for a value, string, piece of
Nutmeg code without
({},
$, aliases etc.) substitutions etc. when
$(-) syntax is used.
* Prompt the user to enter the value of 'aaa' vector
let aaa = $(-)
(1; 2; 3) (this
is read from standard input)
* 'aaa' is now three dimensional vector |